PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA

Abstract

This study examines public perceptions of hate speech on social media and its national security implications in Nigeria, a nation marked by ethnic, religious, and political diversity. Social media platforms, like WhatsApp and X, democratize expression but amplify divisive content, threatening social cohesion in communities like Keffi, Nasarawa State, home to Hausa, Eggon, and Gwandara groups. A survey of 98 Keffi respondents reveals 64.3% perceive hate speech as prevalent, with 91.8% agreeing it endangers security through ethnic clashes (84.7%) and misinformation (58.2%). Ethnic differences (82.7%), fueled by unemployment (>30%), alongside political and religious tensions (76.5%), emerge as key motivators. Guided by Framing and Technological Determinism Theories, the study highlights how rhetorical narratives and platform design exacerbate conflict. It concludes that social media intensifies intergroup tensions, undermining national unity. Recommendations include public sensitisation through digital literacy campaigns, enhanced platform accountability via local moderation, and inclusive governance to address grievances, ensuring mitigation of hate speech while preserving free expression. Future research should explore longitudinal impacts in diverse settings.